Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a coenzyme found in all living cells and plays a central role in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. It exists in two primary forms—oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH)—acting as a critical electron transporter in redox reactions. NAD⁺ is essential for the function of various enzyme classes, particularly those involved in oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Additionally, NAD⁺ serves as a substrate for key enzymatic processes, including sirtuin-mediated deacetylation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent DNA repair pathways. These functions position NAD⁺ as a molecule of interest in studies involving aging, cellular resilience, and metabolic function
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